Inducing concurrency in software code

ABSTRACT

An Induced Multi-threading (IMT) framework may be configured to induce multi-threaded execution in software code. In one embodiment, the IMT framework may include a concurrent code generator configured to receive marked code having one or more blocks of code marked for concurrent execution. Software code initially intended for sequential execution may have been automatically marked by an automated code marker and/or marked manually to generate the marked code. The concurrent code generator may be configured to generate concurrent code from the marked code. The concurrent code may include one or more tasks configured for concurrent execution in place of the one or more marked blocks of code. In one embodiment, the IMT framework may also include a scheduler configured to schedule one or more of the tasks for multi-threaded execution.

BACKGROUND

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates to computer systems, and more particularly toconcurrent execution of software code.

2. Description of the Related Art

Developers often implement distributed transactional applications aspart of commercial and non-commercial business solutions for anenterprise. For example, a company may leverage use of an enterpriseapplication that includes various databases distributed across multiplecomputers. The time spent to complete operations for the application,such as storing data in databases and manipulating data received fromusers, may be considerable due to high system loads and network latency(e.g., innumerable, simultaneous user requests and long waits fornetwork communication). One technique to improve the efficiency of suchapplications may involve running independent operations in parallel. Forexample, a developer may modify application code to include threads sothat some of the code (e.g., code that handles separate, independentoperations) may execute concurrently. A thread may be a singlesequential flow of control within an application program.

Developers may encounter various obstacles when transforming code thatis intended to execute sequentially into code fragments (e.g., method,routine, function, subroutine) that may execute concurrently. Forexample, a particular platform such as Java™ 2 Platform, EnterpriseEdition (J2EE™) may impose constraints on thread usage. J2EE uses amulti-tiered distributed component application model. Application logicmay be divided into components (e.g., Java™ Servlets, JavaServer Pages™and Enterprise JavaBeans™) according to function and the variousapplication components may be installed on different computers dependingon factors such as security, performance, etc. Although threads may beused in Java, for example, a component model such as J2EE may preventthreads from being started within the application code of a component.Thus, usage of threads as an optimization technique for an enterpriseapplication may be limited or confined.

The typical manner of re-writing code that is intended to executesequentially into code fragments that may execute concurrently may beburdensome for developers and counter-intuitive for readers of the code(e.g. someone maintaining the code). For example, sequential code may besplit between two concurrent methods which may be contrary to what areader of the code might expect. The relationship of logic between acaller (e.g., the code that calls a method) and the two concurrentmethods may be less obvious or clear to a developer than therelationship of logic between the caller and the sequential code. Also,the methods names to be called may be very different from what would beexpected or intuitive. For example, in Java, a method call may beobject.start( ).

SUMMARY

An Induced Multi-threading (IMT) framework may be configured to inducemulti-threading in software code. In one embodiment, the IMT frameworkmay include a concurrent code generator configured to receive markedcode having one or more blocks of code marked for concurrent execution.Software code initially intended for sequential execution may have beenautomatically marked by an automated code marker and/or marked manuallyto generate the marked code. In one embodiment, the one or more markedblocks of code for concurrent execution may be a portion of a programmethod. The concurrent code generator may be configured to generateconcurrent code from the marked code. The concurrent code may includeone or more tasks configured for concurrent execution in place of theone or more marked blocks of code. In one embodiment, the IMT frameworkmay also include a scheduler configured to schedule one or more of thetasks for multi-threaded execution.

In one embodiment, the concurrent code generator may be configured toperform an analysis of the marked code to estimate performance benefitsof concurrent execution of the marked blocks of code. Each of the markedblocks may be analyzed. The concurrent code generator may transform amarked block into a concurrently executable task if the analysisindicates a performance benefit is estimated for concurrent execution ofthe marked block. Otherwise, if the analysis indicates no performancebenefit for a marked block, the marked block may not be transformed. Inone embodiment, the concurrent code generator may be configured toremove concurrent execution markers in the concurrent code for one ormore of the marked blocks not transformed.

In one embodiment, the automated code marker may be configured as partof the IMT framework. The automated code marker may be configured toreceive the sequential code, analyze the sequential code to identifypotentially concurrently executable blocks of the sequential code andinsert markers into the sequential code to suggest the identified blocksfor concurrent execution. Static method calls may be used to implementthe markers. The scheduler may be configured to schedule one of thetasks for multi-threaded execution according to priority informationincluded with the marker for the corresponding marked block. Thescheduler may also be configured to schedule one of the tasks formulti-threaded execution according to dependency and/or executionduration information included with the marker for the correspondingmarked block.

In one embodiment, the framework may also be configured to include athread pool manager to manage a thread pool that provides threads formulti-threaded execution of the task of the concurrent code. Thescheduler may be configured to request a thread from the thread pool foreach task scheduled for multi-threaded execution. In one embodiment, theframework may also be configured to include a tracking tool to loginformation to trace or profile execution of the tasks.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates one embodiment of an Induced Multi-threading (IMT)framework for inducing multi-threading in software code;

FIG. 2 shows a flowchart of one embodiment of a method for specifyingblocks of code for potential concurrent execution;

FIG. 3 shows a flowchart of one embodiment of a method for transformingmarked code into concurrent code;

FIG. 4 shows a flowchart of a method for using an IMT framework toinduce multi-threading in software code, according to one embodiment;

FIG. 5 illustrates a connected acyclic directed graph representation ofthe marked code;

FIG. 6 shows a flowchart of one embodiment of a method for analyzingmarked code and scheduling tasks for multi-threaded execution based onthe results of the analysis;

FIG. 7 shows a flowchart of one embodiment of a method for scheduling aplurality of concurrent blocks for multi-threaded execution in an orderdetermined by block-level performance criteria;

FIG. 8 shows a flowchart of a method for using an IMT framework toreduce the overall multi-threaded execution time of a plurality ofblocks, according to one embodiment;

FIG. 9 illustrates a computer system that may that may include oneembodiment of an IMT framework to induce multi-threading in softwarecode; and

FIG. 10 illustrates one embodiment of an IMT framework configured aspart of an application server.

While the invention is described herein by way of example for severalembodiments and illustrative drawings, those skilled in the art willrecognize that the invention is not limited to the embodiments ordrawings described. It should be understood, that the drawings anddetailed description thereto are not intended to limit the invention tothe particular form disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is tocover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within thespirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appendedclaims. The headings used herein are for organizational purposes onlyand are not meant to be used to limit the scope of the description orthe claims. As used throughout this application, the word “may” is usedin a permissive sense (i.e., meaning having the potential to), ratherthan the mandatory sense (i.e., meaning must). Similarly, the words“include”, “including”, and “includes” mean including, but not limitedto.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 1 illustrates one embodiment of an Induced Multi-threading (IMT)framework 101 configured to induce multi-threading in software code. Theframework 101 may include an automated code marker 103, a concurrentcode generator 105, concurrency support (e.g., a scheduler, threadmanager, etc.) 107 and a thread pool 109. The framework 101 may enable adeveloper, for example, to specify portions of software code forconcurrent execution. Embodiments of the IMT framework 101 may addressthe specification, generation and run-time behavior of the softwarecode. For example, software code may be developed (e.g., specifyportions of the code for concurrent execution), compiled and scheduledfor execution with one embodiment of the framework 101. In oneembodiment, configured as part of an application server, for example,the framework 101 may be configured to manage the execution ofapplication components that operate across different computers which maybe based on different platforms and architectures. In other embodiments,configured as a software application, for example, the IMT framework 101may be configured to operate on a single computer to run and managesoftware code that specifies portions of the software code forconcurrent execution.

Embodiments of the IMT framework 101 may be utilized to improve theexecution time of various types of applications or software code havingportions of code that from time-to-time may be blocked from execution.One embodiment of an IMT framework 101 may be used to inducemulti-threaded execution of portions of Java 2 Enterprise Edition (J2EE)software code for an Internet-based application, for example, havingportions of code that may encounter delays while waiting on completionof events. The Internet-based application may be based on a three-tierarchitecture and may contain code segments that may be blocked fromexecution until some other operation outside the scope of a host, oroutside the scope of a processor within the host, completes. Forexample, an application component operating in a middle tier may containcode segments that may be blocked from execution until a databasetransaction operating in a backend tier completes. The Internet-basedapplication may wait for communication to occur over a network. Forexample, network latency and/or processing of an operation on adifferent host (e.g., operation involving a legacy system in the backendtier) may delay communication between application components. Theapplication may wait for a user's input (e.g., via a Web browser) orother input from a device such as an input/output (I/O) device (e.g.,storage device used by the legacy system). Using the IMT framework,portions of the Internet-based application, for example, may beconfigured to induce concurrent execution of certain blocks of code,such as tasks that are independent of other tasks that may cause delays.

An Internet-based application operating across tiers typically hasconsiderable potential for delays. Software code developed and relyingon various embodiments of the IMT framework 101 may involve differenttypes of software code than an Internet-based application. For example,a software program for a client-server application may be developed andexecuted with the IMT framework 101. A simple program configured withnon-blocking code segments (e.g., assigning a value to two differentvariables) may still benefit from concurrent execution and may bemodified to specify multiple blocks of code for concurrent execution,e.g. to take advantage of a computer configured with multipleprocessors. Each specified block of the program may run concurrently andmay each rely on a different processor of a multi-CPU computer, forexample. Thus, true multi-threading may be achieved by executing eachthread with a different processor and each portion of code may executefaster.

Embodiments of the IMT framework 101 may be used to transform initialsequential code 100 into running code 106 configured for concurrentexecution. Different stages of the software code are illustrated in FIG.1 as code 100 to code 106. The initial sequential code 100 may be for anapplication, for example, configured for sequential execution. Theinitial sequential code 100 may include one or more code fragments(e.g., methods, procedures, subroutines, functions) or blocks of code.As dictated by processing of sequential code, each of the code fragmentsof sequential code 100 may be configured to execute one after anotherinstead of concurrently. The sequential code 100 may be developed withvarious types of compiled and/or interpreted programming languages suchas C++, Ada, Lisp and Java. An integrated development environment (e.g.,Metrowerks CodeWarrior™, Microsoft Visual C++®, Sun™ ONE Studio) may beused to automatically generate some or all of the sequential code 100.In other cases, a developer, for example, may use various frameworks todevelop sequential code 100. For example, several developers may useJ2EE from Sun Microsystems, Core Services Framework (CSP) from HewlettPackard, Sun™ ONE Framework from Sun Microsystems, NET Framework fromMicrosoft or some other framework to develop sequential code 100.

The following describes a code snippet of an exemplary initialsequential code 100. The code snippet may be a portion of sequentialcode for an Internet-based application, for example, or sequential codefor some other type of application or purpose. The exemplary sequentialcode may be configured to enable new users to register for continuedaccess to the application by creating new user accounts for each of thenew users. For example, a new user of the application may input a loginname, password and email address via a Web browser and the login name,password and email address may be used to create a new user account forthe new user. After successfully registering, the new user may continueto access the application without repeating a registration process. Thecode snippet of a portion (e.g., excluding exception handling and otherfunctionality) of an exemplary initial sequential code 100 may bespecified with Java and may be configured as follows.

class AccountManager{   public void createNewAccount(String login,String passwd,   String address) { // do operation on Database 1  DataSource ds=ctx.lookup(“passwdDataSource”);   java.sql.Connectioncon=ds.getConnection( );   java.sql.Statement stmt=con.createStatement();   java.sql.Resultset res=stmt.execute(“insert into   passwdTablevalues(“+login+”,”+passwd+”);”);   stmt.close( );   con.close( ); // dooperation on Database 2   ds=ctx.lookup(“addressDataSource”);  con=ds.getConnection( );   stmt=con.createStatement( );  res=stmt.execute(“insert into addressTable values  (“+login+”,”+address+”);”);   stmt.close( );   con.close( ); } }As part of a registration process, the sequential code 100 may beconfigured to receive the login, password and email address and storethat received information in two different databases. Each of thedatabase tables may be part of two different databases on separatecomputers due to different performance demands and criticality of eachof the database tables. The separate computers may be part of a networkand the sequential code 100 may be configured to operate on a differentcomputer that is also a part of the same network. The sequential code100 may be configured to store the login and password in a databasetable that may be frequently used by the application for authenticationof each user. The sequential code 100 may also be configured to storethe login and address in a different database table which may beminimally used by the application. For example, the different databasetable may be used when an administrator requests a report or requestsdemographical profiles for a user which may occur less frequently thanauthentication of users.

One embodiment of the IMT framework 101 may include a marking API(application programming interface) to identify portions of softwarecode. The marking API may be used by a developer, for example, and/orthe automated code marker 103 to embed one or more markers in softwarecode such as the sequential code 100. After modifying software codeusing the marking API, the software code may be referred to as markedcode 102. Markers within the marked code 102 may be used for variouspurposes. For example, the markers may be used to identify portions ofsoftware code that may run concurrently during execution of the softwarecode. The markers may be used in code instrumentation. For example, themarkers may demarcate specific portions of the software code so thatrun-time information relevant to each specific portion may be obtainedduring execution (e.g., profiling, tracing). In some embodiments, themarkers may be used for other purposes. For example, a software programmay be configured to use the markers to generate documentation for themarked code 102.

The markers may indicate potential points (e.g., blocks of code) withincode fragments (e.g., methods, procedures, subroutines, functions) wheremulti-threading may be introduced. These potential points may bespecified during initial development of the code and/or may later bespecified in an existing sequential version of the code. For example, atypical use may involve a developer using the IMT framework 101 totransform a sequential version of software code to a multi-threadedversion of that same software code.

The developer, for example, may use the marking API to embed extrainformation for the sequential code 100. The developer of the sequentialcode 100 may have knowledge of expected execution behavior of thesequential code 100. For example, the developer may wish to reflectwhich portions of the sequential code 100 are potential points forconcurrent execution based on the developer's knowledge that one portionof the sequential code 100 executes independent from another portion ofthe sequential code 100. The developer may also use the automated codemarker 103 to embed extra information for the sequential code 100. Inone embodiment, the automated code marker 103 may be configured toperform an analysis of the sequential code 100 and embed markers in thesequential code based on the results of the analysis. For example, theautomated code marker 103 may be configured to parse the sequential code100, evaluate dependencies among portions of the code to identify pointsfor potential concurrent execution and then insert markers at thosepoints. Many variations of an analysis may be performed by the automatedcode marker 103 to identify potential points for concurrent execution.

In both scenarios (e.g., developer manually marks code or uses theautomated code marker 103), the markers may be used and/or ignored bythe IMT framework 101 since the markers represent potential points forconcurrent execution. Thus, the markers may be removed and/ordisregarded by the IMT framework 101 at any point after specification inmarked code 102 to execution of the code. The developer or automatedcode marker 103 may simply embed the markers, and thus the extrainformation, without making assumptions about semantic behavior (e.g.,properties of a run-time object) of the sequential code 100 at run-timesince the markers may be used and/or disregarded.

The marking API may be used within the scope of a code fragment (e.g.,methods, procedures, subroutines, functions) or block of code. In oneembodiment, a method may be the unit of software code in which themarkers are specified and used to potentially induce multi-threading. Inother embodiments, portions of a method or sub-methods may be marked forconcurrency. One or more blocks of code within one or more methods maybe marked for potential concurrent execution. The same markers acrossdifferent methods may be different. For example, a developer may specifyblocks of code within two different methods with the marking API and thespecified blocks of code may remain separate for each of the differentmethods. In one embodiment, the IMT framework 101 may implicitly assumea method is a block of code. The portions of code specified forconcurrent execution may be less than an entire method (e.g., implicitblock) of the code.

In one embodiment, the marking API may assign additional meaning topre-existing constructs of a programming language to serve as a markerto identify blocks of code for potential concurrentization. For example,markers may be existing programming language statements such as Cstatements, Lisp statements and FORTRAN statements. In one embodiment,static method calls of a programming language may be used for themarking API. For example, in an object-oriented language such as Java,C++ and Smalltalk, the marking API may include static methods or datamembers of a class. A class may include pre-existing constructs of theprogramming language that belong to a class instead of to a giveninstance of the class. These constructs may be called static or classmembers. The constructs may be assigned additional meaning so thatsoftware code that includes the markers may be translated (e.g.,compiled or interpreted) in the same manner as software code thatexcludes the markers (e.g., sequential code 100). Thus, in the absenceof an IMT framework 100, marked code 102 may include pre-existingconstructs of a programming language already recognized by an existingcompiler, for example, for the programming language used. Thus, markedcode may remain compatible with a programming language and traditionallyexecutable even in the absence of IMT framework 100.

In one embodiment, static methods of a Java class may be used for themarking API. The following is an exemplary class and methods of theclass that may be used for marking blocks of code in Java, for example.Each method may be used to specify potential points (e.g., markersaround blocks of code) for concurrent execution.

package com.xxx.codemarker; public class Marker{ public static voidblock( ) {} public static void endBlock( ) {} public static voidblock(String name) {} public static void block(String name, intpriority); public static void block(String name, String [ ]dependencies); public static void block(String name, int priority,String [ ] dependencies); }Each block call (e.g., block method) defined within a Marker class maybe used to specify potential points for concurrency in software codesuch as the sequential code 100. One or more blocks of code may beidentified within a method of the software code as a potential point forconcurrency. A block of code may be marked by specifying a block call(e.g., block method) at the beginning of the block of code andspecifying an end block (e.g., endBlock method) for that same block ofcode at the end of the block of code. Thus, programming statementsbetween these two block calls may identify a block of code as apotential point for concurrent execution.

In one embodiment, the block of code may be preceded by an openingstatement (e.g., curly brace) and succeeded by a closing statement(e.g., curly brace). The opening and closing statement may furtheridentify the beginning and ending programming statements between, forexample, a block and endBlock call. In other embodiments, although theopening and closing statements may improve the readability of thesoftware code, the opening and closing statements may be excluded. Inone embodiment, variable scope within a block of code may be limited tothe block of code to prevent variables from being accessed across twoblocks of code that may potentially execute concurrently. Arguments andlocal variables (if any) of the specified block of code may be used asread-only data, in which case additional optimization may be done.

A block of code may be qualified with extra information that specifieshints for execution of the block of code in relation to another block ofcode. As shown in the above exemplary Marker class, the Marker class mayinclude several different block methods for specifying additionalarguments. In order to mark a block of code, one of the block methodsmay be used to mark the beginning of a block of code and an endBlockmethod may be used to mark the end of the block of code. A block of codemay be qualified with extra information by using an overloaded blockmethod. For example, as shown in the above exemplary Marker class, eachof the blocks of code may be assigned a specific name (e.g., String).The extra information may be used and/or disregarded during schedulingof the potential blocks of code for concurrent execution.

In one embodiment, the following guidelines describe the selection andusage of the block methods included in a class such as the exemplaryclass. If one block of code within a method is specified as a potentialpoint for concurrent execution, then the block method without arguments(e.g., block ( )) may be used to indicate the block of code. Forexample, a developer may know that a specific portion of a method mayexecute independently of the remaining portion of the method, and thedeveloper may specify the specific portion of code as a potential pointfor concurrent execution with the block( ) call, or as the result of acode analysis an automated code marker tool 103 may insert the block( )at a point the tool identified for concurrentization. A method mayinclude the one block of code that may execute concurrently with theremaining portion of the method. The opening statement of such blockcall may not include a specific block name or an indication ofdependencies. Likewise, when the block methods are simply used tosegregate blocks of code as potential points for concurrent execution,then the block method without arguments (e.g., block ( )) may be used toindicate the block of code. For example, in one embodiment, an automatedcode marker 103 may choose to use the block( ) call when the code marker103 determines that qualifying a block of code with extra information(e.g., a specific name) is not necessary based on results of ananalysis.

In one embodiment, a block opening statement may indicate a priority forexecution of a concurrent block. Each of the blocks of code may beassigned a priority. The priority may be a thread priority in which theprogramming language statements of the blocks of code may be executed.Although the blocks may be marked for concurrent execution, only alimited number of threads may be available for concurrentization. Thus,a developer may include priority information with the markers toindicate certain blocks of code to be started ahead of others.

In one embodiment, each of the blocks of code may be assigned one ormore dependencies on another block of code. The dependencies mayindicate other blocks of code that may complete execution before a givenblock of code begins execution. Complex dependencies between blocks ofcode may be specified. In one embodiment, a block method may be used tospecify dependencies over blocks of code that may be included in a laterportion of a method as long as a cycle is avoided.

In one embodiment, an estimated or measured running duration (e.g.,weight) of a block may be specified in the marked code. A developer, forexample, may know an approximate duration for which a block of code mayprevent execution of other code, so the developer may assign a weightaccordingly to that block of code. In one embodiment, similar topriorities and dependencies, the weight may be used during scheduling ofthe potential blocks of code for concurrent execution. For example,blocks of code marked with longer execution times may be scheduled aheadof blocks with shorter execution times with a goal of the blocks allcompleting execution at approximately the same time.

Referring back to the code snippet of the exemplary sequential code 100,after modification and marking according to the marking API, the codesnippet may be configured as follows.

import com.xxx.codemarker.Marker; class AccountManager{ public voidcreateNewAccount(String login, String passwd, String address){Marker.block(“update1”); {  //do operation on Database 1 DataSourceds=ctx.lookup(“passwdDataSource”); java.sql.Connectioncon=ds.getConnection( ); java.sql.Statement stmt=con.createStatement( );java.sql.Resultset res=stmt.execute(“insert into passwdTablevalues(“+login+”,”+passwd+”);”); stmt.close( ); con.close( ); }Marker.endBlock( ); Marker.block(“update2”); {  //do operation onDatabase 2 DataSource ds=ctx.lookup(“addressDataSource”);java.sql.Connection con=ds.getConnection( ); java.sql.Statementstmt=con.createStatement( ); java.sql.Resultset res=stmt.execute(“insertinto addressTable values(“+login+”,”+address+”);”); stmt.close( );con.close( ); } Marker.endBlock( ); } }The exemplary sequential code 100 may have been manipulated (e.g., by adeveloper and/or automated code marker 103) to specify potential pointsfor concurrent execution. Thus, two blocks of code are specified as“update1” and “update2”. Some of the variables of each of the two blocksof code may have been duplicated (e.g., Resultset), for example, becausethe two blocks of code shared those same variables.

To further illustrate specification of dependencies between blocks ofcode using the marking API, the same code snippet may be manipulated torun the second block only when the first block is complete. The codesnippet of an exemplary sequential code 100, after modification with themarking API, may be configured as follows.

import com.xxx.codemarker.Marker; class AccountManager { public voidcreateNewAccount (String login, String passwd, String address) {Marker.block(“update1”); {  //do operation on Database 1 DataSourceds=ctx.lookup(“passwdDataSource”); java.sql.Connectioncon=ds.getConnection( ); java.sql.Statement stmt=con.createStatement( );java.sql.Resultset res=stmt.execute(“insert into passwdTablevalues(“+login+”,”+passwd+”);”); stmt.close( ); con.close( ); }Marker.endBlock( ); Marker.block(“update2”, {“update1”}); {  //dooperation on Database 2 DataSource ds=ctx.lookup(“addressDataSource”);java.sql.Connection con=ds.getConnection( ); java.sql.Statementstmt=con.createStatement( ); java.sql.Resultset res=stmt.execute(“insertinto addressTable values(“+login+”,”+address+”);”); stmt.close( );con.close( ); } Marker.endBlock( ); } }

Use of static method calls to mark blocks of code for potentialconcurrent execution may be more intuitive for a developer than otherforms of marking. For example, a developer may expect the executionbehavior of an application to disregard comments as markers but expectstatic method calls to change the execution behavior of the application.In the absence of an IMT framework 101, the markers may be disregardedas empty method calls. For example, the marked code 102 may be fullycompatible with an existing programming language in the absence of anIMT framework 101 that can make use of the markers. As an additionalexample, in the absence of the IMT framework, an optimizing Javacompiler and virtual machine (VM) may remove the static method calls asempty method calls.

Use of the markers may help to hide implementation details, for example.A developer may use the marking API to identify potential points forconcurrent execution, but the implementation details may be handled bythe IMT framework 100. The marking API may enable a developer and/or theautomated code marker 103 to mark the code fragments with minimalmodification to the sequential code 100. In one embodiment, the markersmay be mark-up language constructs such as eXtensible markup language(XML) and/or hypertext markup language (HTML) statements. In anotherembodiment, the markers may be programming language comments. Forexample, comments may be added to the sequential code 100 and used asmarkers to specify potential points for concurrent execution. In someembodiments, the markers may be entirely new constructs (e.g., datastructure, programming-statement) that are unique to a programminglanguage. For example, the markers may be symbols recognizable by aprogramming language that indicate potential points for concurrentexecution.

In one embodiment, the IMT framework includes concurrent code generator105. The concurrent code generator 105 may parse and modify the markedcode 102 to generate concurrent code 104. In one embodiment, theconcurrent code generator 105 may replace markers in the marked code 102with other programming statements. Thus, the concurrent code generator105 may be configured to transform marked code 102 into concurrent code104 that induces concurrent execution of the blocks of code as initiallyindicated by the markers. The concurrent code 104 may include one ormore tasks configured for concurrent execution in place of the one ormore marked blocks of code. The concurrent code 104 may includereferences to shared programming language resources (e.g., dynamicallylinked libraries, shared objects, shared libraries, built-in code) thatmay provide concurrency functionality. For example, the concurrent code104 may reference concurrency support code 107 configured to scheduleeach task concurrently.

In one embodiment, the concurrent code generator 105 may be configuredto generate the concurrent code 104 in response to an indicated optionfrom one or more compilers, interpreters and/or parsers, for example.Concurrent code generator 105 may be included with a compiler orpre-processor that includes an option, for example, that when specifiedby a user, indicates that concurrent code 104 should be generated forthe specified marked code 102. In one embodiment, a separate tool may beconfigured to receive the marked code 102 and generate the concurrentcode 104 from the marked code 102. For example, the IMT framework 101may be configured to include a tool to generate the concurrent code 104from the marked code 102.

In one embodiment, the concurrent code generator 105 may be configuredto perform an analysis of the marked code 102 to validate differentrules and/or handle different conditions before transforming the markedcode 102 into concurrent code 104. The concurrent code generator mayanalyze the marked code and determine for each marked block of codewhether or not that block should be transformed for concurrentization.For example, one block spanning over an entire method that cannot beexecuted in parallel with any other code would be ignored during thetransformation process to reduce the overhead of scheduling the oneblock that is essentially still sequential. In one embodiment, even ifthe method includes a portion of code outside of the one block, thatportion of code may be transformed only if the portion of code canexecute in parallel with the one block.

The following describes other rules and/or conditions for transformationof marked code 102 into concurrent code 104, according to variousembodiments. The following rules and conditions are exemplary. Manyother rules and/or conditions may be handled by various embodiments ofthe IMT framework 101. In one embodiment, marked code 102 may includeblocks of code within loops (e.g., for loops, while loops, do-whileloops, etc.). For example, in marked code 102, a loop may include anindex to count iterations of the loop and the loop may include one ormore blocks of code marked for concurrent execution. In one embodiment,if the blocks of code (marked and unmarked) use the loop index as aread-only variable, for example, the concurrent code generator 105 mayduplicate one or more independent loops for each of the one or moreconcurrent blocks. Each of the duplicated one or more loops may includeone of the one or more concurrent blocks to help parallel loops executemore efficiently, for example.

To further illustrate handling of independent, blocks of code within aloop, a code snippet of an exemplary marked code 102 that includes aloop may be configured as follows.

for (int i=0;i<1000;i++) { Marker.Block( ) {   a[i]=i; }Marker.endBlock( ); Marker.Block( ) {   b[i]=i*i; } Marker.endBlock( );}The code snippet that includes a loop may be transformed into two loops(e.g., one loop for assignment of a value to variable ‘a’ and anotherfor variable ‘b’) within concurrent code of that same code snippet. Theparallel loops may execute faster on a multi-CPU computer, for example.

In one embodiment, if an endBlock call is missing, nested concurrentblocks may be implicitly assigned. In one embodiment, for example, if anendBlock( ) call is missing from a concurrent block and a new block callis specified, the concurrent block may be assumed to be an enclosingconcurrent block and thus, as directed, the new block call would benested.

In one embodiment, concurrent code generator 105 may generate a task foreach concurrent block of marked code 102. Tasks may be functions,methods or other portions of code. A task may require access to data(e.g., arguments) originally passed to a method of marked code 102 fromwhich the task is generated. Concurrent code generator 105 may generatefrom the data one or more instances of variables accessible to the task.In one embodiment, a task may modify local copies of the variablesinstead of using the variables as read-only. If tasks do modify thevariables, for example, one embodiment of the concurrent code generator107 may assume the variables will be modified by the task for furtheruse within the scope of the task.

In one embodiment, concurrent code generator 105 may be configured togenerate concurrent code 104 based on a naming convention. For example,each concurrent block ml (corresponding to a task) may be named “Tm1” toidentify the task within the block. Each task may be named Tm1_<num>,where <num> indicates a serial number of the block. Thus, tasks for ml,for example, may be named Tm1_0, Tm1_1, etc. Data (e.g., arguments)passed to each block may be named am1_<num>, where <num> indicates theserial number of the data. Other naming conventions, for example,variables used to store exceptions (e.g., a run-time error condition)initiated during execution, may be defined and used by the IMT framework101 during transformation of marked code 102 to concurrent code 104.

In one embodiment, concurrent code generator 105 may includesynchronization points (e.g., code that induces a thread to enter a waitstate) in concurrent code 104. Concurrent code generator 105 may includea synchronization point to allow a method and/or code corresponding to aconcurrent block to wait for completion of another task (e.g., anothermethod, another concurrent block, a resource becoming available, etc.).

In one embodiment, concurrent code generator 105 may generateprogramming language code in concurrent code 104 to reference ascheduler in concurrency support code 107 to schedule each task ofconcurrent code 104. The scheduling may be based on information includedin marked code 102. For example, concurrent code generator 105 may parsea concurrent block's opening statement of marked code 102 (e.g., asindicated with marking API). The opening statement may include apriority, weight and/or dependencies on one or more other concurrentblocks for the concurrent block. Concurrent code generator 105 maygenerate code in concurrent code 104 to schedule the dependencies forexecution. Concurrent code generator 105 may generate code in concurrentcode 104 to schedule concurrent execution for each task based onspecified priorities and/or weights. For example, a task (as indicatedby the marked code 102) may be scheduled to begin execution beforeanother task.

Referring back to the code snippet of the exemplary marked code 102, thefollowing describes and shows exemplary concurrent code 104 generatedfrom the exemplary marked code 102. As described above, the concurrentcode 104 may include references to concurrency support code 107 that mayprovide concurrency functionality. For example, the concurrent code 104may include references to a scheduler configured to schedule each taskconcurrently. In one embodiment, one or more shared libraries may beconfigured to include a Task class and Scheduler class. For example,each concurrent block may be transformed into a derived class (e.g.,inherited from) of Task. Each thread scheduled to execute the concurrentblock may begin by executing a method class (e.g., method task of Taskclass is overridden by method task of derived class) associated with thederived class. The Scheduler class may be configured to schedule thetask for multi-threaded execution. An exemplary Task class may beconfigured as the following:

class Task{ private final int NOT_BEGUN =1; private final int BEGUN=2;private final int DONE=3; private int m_status= public Exceptionm_ex=null; public void task( ){} public Exception waitForTask( ){  //ifstate is DONE just return  //if state is NOT_BEGUN keep sleeping andwaiting for the  task to begin  //If state is BEGUN  synchronized(this){  wait( );   return m_ex;  } } }

The code snippet for an exemplary Scheduler class may be configured asthe following:

class Scheduler{   private static int m_count=0;   private static intgetNodeSNo( ){return ++m_count;}   public static void schedule(Task t){   int sNo=getNodeSNo( );    //select a thread and attach to it the infoabout the    node that began it    //command thread to do the task,   }  public static Exception wait(Task t){    return t.waitForTask( );   //attach info to the thread about latest node info   }  ... }

After transformation of the exemplary marked code 102 to exemplaryconcurrent code 104, the code snippet for the exemplary concurrent code104, including references to concurrency support 107, may be configuredas the following:

import com.xxx.concurrency.*; class AccountManager{  StringacreateNewAccount_0=null;  String acreateNewAccount_1=null;  StringacreateNewAccount_2=null;  class TcreateNewAccount_update1_0 extendsTask{   public void synchronized task( ){    try{     //do operation onDatabase 1    DataSource ds=ctx.lookup(“passwdDataSource”);   java.sql.Connection con=ds.getConnection( );    java.sql.Statementstmt=con.createStatement( );    java.sql.Resultsetres=stmt.execute(“insert into passwdTable   values(“+login+”,“+passwd+”);”);    stmt.close( );    con.close( );   }    catch(java.lang.Exception ex){    m_ex=ex;    }    notifyall( );    }    } class TcreateNewAccount_update2_1 extends Task{  public voidtask( ){   try{    //do operation on Database 2   DataSourceds=ctx.lookup(“addressDataSource”);   java.sql.Connectioncon=ds.getConnection( );   java.sql.Statement stmt=con.createStatement();   java.sql.Resultset res=stmt.execute(“insert into addressTable  values(“+login+”,“+address+”);”);   stmt.close( );   con.close( );   }    catch(java.lang.Exception ex){    m_ex=ex;    }    notifyall( );    }    } private TcreateNewAccount_update1_0tcreateNewAccount_update1_0= new TcreateNewAccount_update1_0( ); privateTcreateNewAccount_update2_1 tcreateNewAccount_update2_1= newTcreateNewAccount_update2_1( ); public void createNewAccount(Stringlogin, String passwd, String address){  acreateNewAccount_0=login; acreateNewAccount_1 =passwd;  acreateNewAccount_2=address; Scheduler.schedule(tcreateNewAccount_update1_0); Scheduler.schedule(tcreateNewAccount_update2_1);  java.lang.Exceptionex =  Scheduler.wait(tcreateNewAccount_update1_0);  if(ex!=null) throwex;  ex = Scheduler.wait(tcreateNewAccount_update2_1);  if(ex!=null)throw ex; }In one embodiment, concurrent code generator 105 transforms markedblocks of the marked code 102 into corresponding tasks extending from aclass of the concurrency support code 107. A task of concurrent code 104may correspond to a concurrent block in a method of marked code 102. Inone embodiment, the concurrent code generator 105 may have used aspecific naming convention to generate the tasks. The concurrent codegenerator 105 may initiate other types of actions to generate theconcurrent code 104. For example, in an object-oriented language asshown in the exemplary concurrent code 104, classes (e.g., via an importstatement) referenced in the marked code 102 may be replaced in theconcurrent code 104 with a different class (e.g., com.xxx.concurrency)because the markers (e.g., as indicated by the marking API) are replacedin the concurrent code 104.

The IMT framework 101 may reference other functionality of concurrencysupport 107. For example, one embodiment of an IMT framework 101 may beconfigured to use a Thread class of concurrency support 107 to implementa thread pool 109. In one embodiment, concurrent code 104 may generatecode to implement specialized threads (e.g., threads of the thread pool109 that may be managed by a thread manager of the IMT framework 101 atrun-time) that may require initialization before executing an arbitrarytask. A registration function, or hook, may be required so that a threadof a thread pool 109 may signal (e.g., to a scheduler of concurrencysupport 107) that the thread is initialized and ready to be assigned atask to execute. In one embodiment, a Scheduler class (e.g.,Scheduter.submitThread, a member of the Scheduler class described above)may provide the registration function to be used by the threads. Thecode snippet for an exemplary Thread class may be configured as follows.

package com.xxx.concurrency; class Scheduler {     ...   public staticvoid submitThread( );   public static voidsubmitThread(ThreadEventHandler eHandler); }A ThreadEventHandler application programming interface to handle eventsduring execution of each thread may be configured as the following:

package com.xxx.concurrency; interface ThreadEventHandler {     voidpreTask(Thread parentThread);     void postTask( ); }

Concurrent code 104 may include software code that may later betranslated into machine code by a compiler or interpreter, for example,for the programming language. Concurrent code 104 may include referencesto concurrency support code 107 that may provide concurrencyfunctionality for the programming language. Concurrent code 104 may belinked to the concurrency support code 107 to generate running code 106.

Concurrency support 107 may include a scheduler, thread manager and anyother functionality to support multi-threaded execution. In oneembodiment, a scheduler may be configured to schedule the tasks formulti-threaded execution. Threads of the thread pool 109 may beinitialized so that the threads are ready to execute tasks. The threads,in one embodiment, may be submitted to the scheduler by calling, forexample, registration functions (e.g., submitThread( )).

One embodiment of the IMT framework 101 may be configured to include atracking tool to log information for tracing and/or profiling, forexample, of concurrent tasks during execution of the running code. Therunning code 106 may be instrumented for logging in response to anindicated compiler option, for example. The instrumented running code106 may be configured to collect and output (e.g., via the trackingtool) code coverage information for statements and paths, for example,of each concurrent task during execution. A log file may be created thatincludes profile information (e.g., task execution counts, control flowgraph, time taken for resources referenced such as memory, networkbandwidth, permanent storage accesses) for a particular execution, forexample. Various external tools to the IMT framework 101 may beconfigured to access the logged information tracked during execution ofrunning code 106.

The following guidelines describe handling of different abnormalconditions, if encountered, during execution of the running code 106,according to one embodiment. The following guidelines are exemplary.Many other conditions may be handled by various embodiments of the IMTframework 101. Various conditions occurring during execution of therunning code may be handled so that the external behavior of themulti-threaded running code is the same as the sequential code fromwhich the running code was derived. For example, in the case wheremultiple exceptions (e.g., run-time error conditions) are initiated bymore than one concurrent block in a task, one of the exceptions may beselected for return to a caller. In one embodiment, an exception for theconcurrent block that was started the earliest may be returned and otherexceptions may be ignored. Selecting one exception may help insulate thecaller (e.g., code that calls a method) of the method from theconcurrency of the blocks.

The concurrent blocks may include conditional returns. Thus, returningfrom each concurrent block may mean returning from the concurrent blockinstead of the method. In one embodiment, one of the multiple returnvalues may be selected from the multiple concurrent blocks. For example,a method may return the return value from a concurrent block thatfinishes execution last among the method's concurrent blocks. There maybe other guidelines for determining a single return value from aplurality of return statements within a plurality of concurrent blocksof a single method. For example, a method may return the return valuefrom a concurrent block that finishes execution first among the method'sconcurrent blocks.

In one embodiment, potential concurrent blocks may be nested withinother potential concurrent blocks. Thus, one embodiment of an IMTframework 101 may require execution of nested concurrent blocks withinan enclosing concurrent block to finish before execution of theenclosing concurrent block may be deemed complete. In one embodiment, amethod may be implicitly assumed to be a block of code. Thus, executionof concurrent blocks within a method of the running code 106 may need tofinish in order for execution of the method to be deemed complete (e.g.,for the method to exit).

FIG. 2 shows a flowchart of one embodiment of a method for specifyingblocks of code for potential concurrent execution. In one embodiment,the method may include receiving software code initially configured forsequential execution, as indicated in 200. For example, an automatedcode marker tool may receive the sequential code or an editor being usedby a developer for marking. The sequential code may include portions ofcode that may be blocked from execution until some other operationoutside the scope of a host, or outside the scope of a processor withinthe host, completes. The sequential code may be configured as a simpleprogram with non-blocking code segments (e.g., assigning a value to twodifferent variables). Other types of sequential code written in variouslanguages may be received.

In one embodiment, the sequential code may be analyzed to identifyblocks of code for potential concurrent execution, as indicated in 210.The blocks of code may be portions of code within the scope of a codefragment (e.g., methods, procedures, subroutines, functions). In oneembodiment, a program method may be the unit of software code analyzedto identify blocks of code for potential concurrent execution. One ormore blocks of code within one or more methods may be analyzed forpotential concurrent execution.

Analyzing the sequential code may be performed by a developer withknowledge of the execution behavior of the sequential code or by anautomated code marker, for example. For example, the developer may knowthat one portion of the sequential code executes completely independentfrom another portion of the sequential code. In one embodiment,analyzing the sequential code may include parsing the sequential codeand evaluating dependencies among portions of the code to identifypoints for potential concurrent execution. Many variations of ananalysis may be performed to identify potential points for concurrentexecution.

One embodiment may include a marking API to specify one or more blocksof code that may run concurrently during execution. One or more markersmay be inserted in the sequential code to suggest the identified blocksfor concurrent execution, as indicated in 220. In other embodiments,markers within the marked code may be used for other purposes. Forexample, the markers may be used to generate documentation. Afterinsertion of the markers into the sequential code, the sequential codemay be referred to as marked code. The markers may indicate potentialpoints (e.g., blocks of code) within code fragments (e.g., methods,procedures, subroutines, functions) where multi-threading should beintroduced. Since the markers represent potential points for concurrentexecution, the markers may be removed and/or disregarded at any pointafter specification to execution of the code. The markers may simply beinserted without making assumptions about semantic behavior (e.g.,properties of a run-time object) of the sequential code at run-timesince the markers may be used and/or disregarded.

In one embodiment, the markers may assign additional meaning topre-existing constructs of a programming language. For example, markersmay be existing programming language statements such as C statements,Lisp statements and FORTRAN statements. In one embodiment, static methodcalls of a programming language may be used for the marking API. Forexample, in an object-oriented language such as Java, C++ and Smalltalk,the marking API may include the methods and members of a static class(e.g., procedures within an object-oriented class as a category ofobjects, and associated data types and functions for each of theprocedures). The constructs may be assigned additional meaning so thatsoftware code that includes the markers may be translated (e.g.,compiled or interpreted) in the same manner as software code thatexcludes the markers (e.g., sequential code).

While inserting the markers, a block of code may be qualified with extrainformation that specifies hints for execution of the block of code inrelation to another block of code. In one embodiment, a block method maybe overloaded (e.g., one of many different methods) with other blockmethods. A block of code may be qualified with extra information byusing an overloaded block method. For example, each of the blocks ofcode may be assigned a specific name (e.g., String), a priority,dependencies and/or an execution duration (e.g., weight).

FIG. 3 shows a flowchart of one embodiment of a method for transformingmarked code into concurrent code. The method may include receivingmarked code, as indicated in 300. In one embodiment, a concurrent codegenerator may receive the marked code. The marked code identifying oneor more blocks of code for potential concurrent execution, may have beengenerated as described with FIG. 2. In one embodiment, the marked codemay be parsed and modified to generate concurrent code, as indicated in310. In one embodiment, markers may be replaced in the marked code withprogramming statements that exclude the block method calls. Thus, themarked code may be transformed into concurrent code that inducesconcurrent execution of the blocks of code as initially indicated by themarkers.

The concurrent code may include one or more tasks configured forconcurrent execution in place of the one or more marked blocks of code.The concurrent code may include references to shared programminglanguage resources (e.g., dynamically linked libraries, shared objects,shared libraries, built-in code) that may provide concurrencyfunctionality for the programming language. In one embodiment, theconcurrent code may be generated in response to an indicated option fromone or more compilers, interpreters and/or parsers, for example.

In one embodiment, an analysis of the marked code may be performed tovalidate different rules and/or handle different conditions beforetransforming the marked code into concurrent code. For example, oneblock spanning over an entire method would be ignored during thetransformation process to reduce the overhead of scheduling the oneblock that is essentially still sequential. In one embodiment, theconcurrent code may be generated based on a naming convention. In oneembodiment, synchronization points (e.g., code that induces a thread toenter a wait state) may be included in the concurrent code.

In one embodiment, programming language code may be included in theconcurrent code to reference a scheduler to schedule each task ofconcurrent code. The scheduling, as indicated in 330, may be based oninformation included in marked code. For example, an opening blockstatement of a concurrent block in the concurrent code may include apriority and dependencies on one or more other concurrent blocks. Forexample, a task (as indicated by the marked code) may be scheduled tobegin execution before another task.

FIG. 4 shows a flowchart of a method for using an IMT framework toinduce concurrent execution in software code, according to oneembodiment. One or more blocks of code within a method, for example, ofsequential code may be marked for potential concurrent execution, asindicated in 400. As described with FIG. 2, the sequential code may bemarked manually, or with an automated code marker, to identify the oneor more blocks. For example, a developer may use an automated codemarker to analyze and mark the sequential code.

From the marked code, concurrent code may be generated, as indicated in410. The concurrent code may include one or more tasks scheduled forpotential concurrent execution, as described with FIG. 3. The concurrentcode may include references to shared programming language resourcesthat may provide concurrency functionality for the programming language.For example, the concurrent code may include references to code of oneor more shared libraries configured to schedule each task concurrently.

The concurrent code may be linked to concurrency support code togenerate running code, as indicated in 420. For example, the concurrencysupport code may include shared libraries for scheduling the concurrentblocks of code for concurrent execution. The developer may then executethe running code that includes task(s) with concurrent processing, asindicated in 430. The one or more tasks may have been identified astasks in the concurrent code and were scheduled for concurrentexecution.

In one embodiment, the concurrent code generator may be configured toperform an analysis of marked code to estimate performance benefits ofconcurrent execution before transforming the marked code into concurrentcode. The markers, as described with FIGS. 1 and 2, may be used and/orignored during the analysis since the markers represent potential pointsfor concurrent execution. In one embodiment, the results of the analysismay be used to transform the marked code into concurrent code. FIG. 5illustrates a connected acyclic directed graph representation 500 of themarked code generated during an analysis of the marked code. In oneembodiment, the analysis may represent the marked code as vertices(e.g., nodes 505) and edges (e.g., lines 507). In one embodiment, eachvertex may represent a block of code that may be scheduled forexecution. Each line may correspond to a task which may be the markedunit of code scheduled for execution by the IMT framework 101. In oneembodiment, the IMT framework 101 may be configured to output an actualgraph representation (e.g., printout of the graph).

During the analysis, in one embodiment, each vertex may represent thebeginning or the end of a block of code. An edge may begin at one vertexand end at another vertex. Two vertices connected by an edge may be saidto be adjacent. In one embodiment, a path of the represented graph mayinclude a sequence of adjacent vertices. Referring back to the exemplaryconcurrent code 106, each Scheduler.schedule and Scheduler.wait call maybe represented in a graph as a vertex 500. An edge may begin at a vertex500A representing a Scheduler.schedule call. The edge may end at avertex 500B representing a Scheduler.wait call.

The properties of a vertex may apply to edges emanating from the vertex.For example, a vertex may be associated with properties that may includepossible scheduling priorities, possible exceptions and possible returnvalues for corresponding blocks of code (as represented by edges to thevertex). In one embodiment, the analysis may use edges and properties ofthe vertices to compute a running length or cost for each path. Forexample, the analysis may traverse data representing the graph tocalculate the number of programming statements of each vertex and eachedge between a beginning vertex and an ending vertex for each block.During the analysis, modifications to the marked code may be suggestedby determining which marked blocks of code would meet a performancebenefit threshold if executed concurrently. For example, the performancebenefit threshold may be determined by comparing the estimated executionduration of each marked block to an overhead for scheduling theconcurrent blocks.

In one embodiment, as described with the marking API, a developer mayspecify a running duration (e.g., weight) of each block in the markedcode. The analysis may include the weight as a property of each vertex.The analysis may traverse data representing the graph to determine therunning duration of each path by totaling the running durations ofvertices in the path. The analysis may suggest a path that may have alower running cost than one or more other paths represented by thegraph. In one embodiment, the analysis may suggest that blocks bescheduled to begin execution in order of decreasing running duration.For example, a block with a longest running duration may be scheduled tobegin execution first. In other embodiments, suggestions may be based onother scheduling schemes. In one embodiment, the concurrent codegenerator may modify the code to implement the suggestions from theanalysis. In one embodiment, each block of code may be analyzed todetermine if the block of code meets the performance benefit threshold.If the concurrent block meets the performance benefit threshold, theblock of code may be transformed into a task by the concurrent codegenerator.

Exceptions thrown by blocks of the concurrent code may be modeled on agraph such as the graph of FIG. 5. If an exception is thrown, one ormore executing concurrent blocks may be interrupted. The blockinterruption may be represented in the graph by a truncated edge. In oneembodiment, the graph may take dependencies between blocks in concurrentcode into account. If an exception is thrown, for example, and an edgeis truncated as a result of the thrown exception, vertices and edgesrepresenting blocks dependent on an interrupted block may be modifiedand/or removed. In one embodiment, the edges may represent control flow.For example, if a block is dependent on another block, an edge of theother block may go from the other block to the dependent block. If otherblocks do not depend on a block, an edge included in the block's graphrepresentation may end at the vertex representing the end of a methodincluding the block.

In one embodiment, the analysis may also be used to identify potentialrun-time problems with marked blocks of code. In one embodiment, thedata representing the graph may indicate cycles. A cycle may be a pathin which the first vertex is also the last vertex. In one embodiment,the concurrent code generator may not determine a schedule for beginningexecution of the blocks represented in the cycle. The concurrent codegenerator may signal an error condition. In one embodiment, theconcurrent code generator may automatically modify the concurrent codeto remove the cycle.

The specified blocks of code may be scheduled for multi-threadedexecution based on the results of the analysis. Although, in oneembodiment, the markers have been replaced in the concurrent code, theIMT framework may still be configured to identify the concurrent blocks.For example, variables used in the concurrent code may indicate theconcurrent blocks. In one embodiment, variables may be passed to thescheduler when the thread is initiated to execute. The identified blocksof code may be used and/or ignored during the analysis since theconcurrent blocks represent potential points for concurrent execution.

FIG. 6 shows a flowchart of one embodiment of a method for analyzingmarked code and scheduling tasks for multi-threaded execution based onthe results of the analysis. In one embodiment, the method may includereceiving marked code having blocks identified for potential concurrentexecution, as indicated in 600. The marked code may have been generatedas described with FIG. 2. An analysis of the marked code may beperformed to estimate performance benefits of concurrent executionbefore transforming the marked code into concurrent code, as indicatedin 610. For example, a performance benefit threshold may be determinedby comparing the estimated execution duration of each marked block to anoverhead for scheduling the concurrent blocks. Markers may be usedand/or ignored during the analysis since the markers represent potentialpoints for concurrent execution.

A connected acyclic directed graph representation of the marked code, asdescribed with FIG. 5, may be used during an analysis of the markedcode. The marked code may be modified to implement the suggestions fromthe analysis. In one embodiment, each block of code may be analyzed todetermine if the block of code meets the performance benefit threshold,as indicated in 620. If the concurrent block meets the performancebenefit threshold, the block of code may be transformed into a task, asindicated in 640. Otherwise, the concurrent block may not betransformed, as indicated in 630. The analysis process may continueuntil all of the concurrent blocks have been analyzed, as indicated in650.

The specified blocks of code may be scheduled for multi-threadedexecution based on the results of the analysis, as indicated in 660. Inone embodiment, the analysis may suggest that blocks be scheduled tobegin execution in order of decreasing running time. For example, ablock with a longest running time may be scheduled to begin executionfirst. In other embodiments, suggestions may be based on otherscheduling schemes.

One embodiment of the IMT framework may be configured, as described withFIG. 6, to use blocks of code as the basis for scheduling a plurality ofblocks for potential concurrent execution. A developer and/or anautomated code marker, for example, may have specified block-levelperformance criteria for each block of code that may potentially beexecuted concurrently. Markers may have been embedded to identify eachblock of code. Demarcation of block-level code suggestive for concurrentexecution may be useful in deciding a block-level performance criterionfor each block marked for potential concurrent execution. For example,one embodiment of the IMT framework may be configured to perform ananalysis of the generated concurrent code to determine block-levelperformance criteria, such as priority, dependency and/or weightduration, for use when scheduling a plurality of blocks. In oneembodiment, the analysis may be performed using data representative ofthe concurrent code similar to the acyclic graph described with FIG. 5.

Multi-threaded execution of the plurality of blocks may be optimized toreduce the overall execution time of the running code (as scheduled bythe scheduler). In one embodiment, a scheduler may be configured toinitiate multi-threaded execution of the plurality of blocks in an orderdetermined by the block-level performance criteria to reduce the overallexecution time of the running code. For example, priority and weightinformation for each concurrent block may have been specified in themarked code (and/or determined during analysis of the concurrent code)and the scheduler may schedule each concurrent block of the plurality ofblocks according to the priority and weight information to reduce theoverall execution time of the running code. In one embodiment, thescheduler may be configured to schedule concurrent blocks having longerexecution durations ahead of concurrent blocks having shorter executiondurations.

Demarcation of block-level code may be used in various ways to optimizeexecution of the running code. The running code may have beeninstrumented to collect and log performance data for each concurrenttask during execution. For example, in one embodiment, a tracking toolmay log information for tracing and/or profiling of concurrent tasksduring execution of the running code. A log file may be created thatincludes measured block-level performance data (e.g., block executioncounts, block execution durations, block paths and edges, blockexecution predictions) for a particular execution, for example. In oneembodiment, the scheduler may be configured to access the measuredblock-level performance data generated during previous executions of therunning code. For example, the scheduler may be configured to readpreviously stored measured block-level performance data as indicated bya compiler option during recompilation. In one embodiment, the schedulermay be configured to determine the block-level performance criteria foreach block of concurrent code according to measured block-levelperformance data generated from prior executions of each concurrentblock. Repeating the process of feeding measured block-level performancedata back to the scheduler may optimize multi-threaded execution of theconcurrent blocks because of the benefit of new measured block-levelperformance data, for example.

Multi-threaded execution of the plurality of blocks may be optimized bychanging the markings in marked code (e.g., move blocks of code around)and/or changing the block-level performance criteria specified in themarked code. For example, a developer may determine that certainexecution duration of a block (e.g., threshold weight of block) causesthe running code to execute faster. The block-level performance criteriaspecified in the marked code, for example, the priority and weight ofeach block, may be modified to improve the overall execution time of therunning code. Thus, repeatedly executing the running code, evaluatingmeasured block-level performance data and repeatedly regenerating therunning code may result with running code that executes faster. The datathat is collected may be converted into performance metrics. Metrics maybe viewed in tabular form at the object, function, method, block ofcode, source line or instruction level. Code that may be responsible forresource usage, inefficiencies or time delays, for example, may bemodified to improve concurrent execution of the blocks. The markers mayalso be embedded and/or changed within compiled code (e.g., Javabyte-code).

FIG. 7 shows a flowchart of one embodiment of a method for scheduling aplurality of concurrent blocks for multi-threaded execution in an orderdetermined by block-level performance criteria. In one embodiment, themethod may include receiving concurrent code having blocks identifiedfor potential concurrent execution, as indicated in 700. Blocks of code,as identified in the concurrent code (initially demarcated in markedcode of the concurrent code), may be used as the basis for schedulingthe plurality of blocks for potential concurrent execution.

An analysis of the concurrent code may be performed to determineblock-level performance criteria, such as priority, dependency and/orweight duration, for use when scheduling a plurality of blocks, asindicated in 710. In one embodiment, the analysis of the concurrent codemay be performed to determine the block-level performance criteria. Inone embodiment, the analysis may be performed using data representativeof the concurrent code similar to the acyclic graph described with FIG.6.

In one embodiment, multi-threaded execution of the plurality of blocksin an order based on the block-level performance criteria may beinitiated to reduce the overall execution time of the running code. Forexample, each concurrent block of the plurality of blocks may bescheduled according to priority and weight information to reduce theoverall execution time of the running code. In one embodiment,concurrent blocks having longer execution durations may be scheduledahead of concurrent blocks having shorter execution durations.

FIG. 8 shows a flowchart of a method for using an IMT framework toreduce the overall multi-threaded execution time of a plurality ofblocks, according to one embodiment. Multi-threaded execution of theplurality of blocks may be optimized to reduce the overall executiontime of the running code (as scheduled by a scheduler). A developer, forexample, may execute running code, as indicated in 800. The running codemay have been instrumented during compilation, for example, to collectand log performance data for each concurrent task during execution. Alog file may be created that includes measured block-level performancedata (e.g., block execution counts, block execution durations, blockpaths and edges, block execution predictions) for a particularexecution, for example.

In one embodiment, the developer, for example, may evaluate thegenerated measured block-level performance data to determine what typesof changes may be implemented to optimize execution of the running code,as indicated in 800. The developer may attempt to improve execution timeof the running code based on results of the evaluation by makingenhancements and/or regenerating the running code, as indicated in 820.Various enhancements may be performed. The developer may decide to feedthe measured block-level performance data back to the scheduler. Thescheduler may be configured to read previously stored measuredblock-level performance data as indicated by a compiler option duringrecompilation. In one embodiment, the scheduler may be configured todetermine the block-level performance criteria for each block ofconcurrent code according to measured block-level performance datagenerated from prior executions of each concurrent block. The developermay continue to repeat the process of feeding measured block-levelperformance data back to the scheduler because of the benefit of newmeasured block-level performance data, for example.

The markings in the marked code may also be changed. For example, thedeveloper may move blocks of code around and/or change the block-levelperformance criteria specified in the marked code. A developer maydetermine that certain execution duration of a block (e.g., thresholdweight of block) causes the running code to execute faster. Theblock-level performance criteria specified in the marked code, forexample, the priority and weight of each block, may be modified toimprove the overall execution time of the running code. Thus, repeatedlyexecuting the running code, evaluating measured block-level performancedata and repeatedly regenerating the running code may result withrunning code that executes faster.

FIG. 9 illustrates a computer system 909 that may that may include anIMT framework 101 to induce multi-threading in software code asdescribed above, according to one embodiment. Computer system 909 mayinclude many different components such as memory 907, a centralprocessing unit (CPU) or processor 906, an input/output (I/O) interface905, operating system 908 and device interconnect 950. Interconnect 950is relied upon to communicate data from one component to another. Forexample, interconnect 950 may be a point-to-point interconnect, a sharedbus, a combination of point-to-point interconnects and one or morebuses, and/or a bus hierarchy including a system bus, CPU bus, memorybus and I/O buses such as a peripheral component interconnect (PCI) bus.Memory 907 may store program instructions accessed by the CPU 906. Forexample, instructions and data implementing an IMT framework 101 may bestored in memory 907. An operating system 908 may also be stored inmemory 907.

Computer system 909 may further include other software and hardwarecomponents, such as a network interface 930, that may be coupled tovarious other components and memory 907. The CPU 906 may acquireinstructions and/or data through the I/O interface 905. Through the I/Ointerface 905, the CPU 906 may also be coupled to one or more othercomponents 931. As illustrated, components 931 may include disk drive931 A, a display device 931 B and other I/O devices 931 C for use withcomputer system 909 such as other CPUs, track balls, mice, keyboards,printers, plotters, scanners, etc. Some computer systems 909 may includeadditional and/or other components than shown in FIG. 9.

In one embodiment, the IMT framework 101 may be configured as part of anapplication server, for example. The application server may executeapplication components that operate across different computers based ondifferent platforms and architectures. One embodiment of an IMTframework 101 may be implemented on a single computer. The software codemay be implemented, for example, on virtual machines (VMs) (e.g., JavaVirtual Machines) coupled to one embodiment of an IMT framework 101. Thevirtual machines may be implemented on one or more computers. The IMTframework 101 may operate on different and various types of computersthat may communicate to each other over a network. For example, a client(e.g., Web browser) may operate on a desktop computer running Windows™NT from Microsoft and an IMT framework application server, in oneembodiment, may operate on a minicomputer running an operating systemsuch as Sun™ Linux from Sun Microsystems.

FIG. 10 illustrates an IMT framework 101 configured as part of anapplication server 974A, according to one embodiment. The applicationserver 974A including IMT framework 101 may be configured to operate ona computer system as described with FIG. 9. One or more developers mayuse the IMT framework 101 to identify which blocks of code within aportion of software code may run concurrently during execution of thesoftware code. The application server 974A may execute applicationcomponents (e.g., Java™ Servlets, JavaServer Pages™ and EnterpriseJavaBeans™), for example, of an Internet-based application. TheInternet-based application may be based on a three-tier architectureincluding a client tier 971, a middle tier 973 and a backend tier 975.Software code developed and executed with various embodiments of the IMTframework 101 may operate differently or on a different architecturethan the application server 974A shown in FIG. 10. Thus, FIG. 10illustrates an exemplary type of software code and architecture relyingon the IMT framework 101. The IMT framework 101 may be utilized todevelop various types of applications, or develop any type of softwarecode having portions of code that may run concurrently.

The Internet-based application logic may be divided into applicationcomponents according to function and the various application componentsmay be installed on different computers depending on which tier theapplication component belongs. The application components, for example,may be specified and assembled with one embodiment of the IMT framework101. The application server 974A, executing the application componentsoperating across tiers, may be a resource within the middle tier 973.For example, a Web browser as a client 972 within the client tier 971may operate on a computer that is configured to access the applicationserver 974A via an Internet/Intranet 970 using an underlying protocolsuch as HyperText Transfer Protocol and HyperText Transfer ProtocolSecure (HTTP/HTTPS). The resources within each tier may operate ondifferent and various types of host computers that may communicate toeach other over a network. For example, a client 972 (e.g., Web browser)may operate on a desktop computer running various operating systems suchas Windows™ from Microsoft and Unix™ from Sun Microsystems, and theapplication server 974A may operate on a minicomputer running variousoperating systems such as Solaris™ and Sun™ Linux from Sun Microsystems.

The flow charts described herein represent exemplary embodiments ofmethods. The methods may be implemented in software, hardware, or acombination thereof. The order of method may be changed, and variouselements may be added, reordered, combined, omitted, modified, etc.

Various modifications and changes may be made to the invention as wouldbe obvious to a person skilled in the art having the benefit of thisdisclosure. It is intended that the following claims be interpreted toembrace all such modifications and changes and, accordingly, thespecifications and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative ratherthan a restrictive sense.

Various embodiments may further include receiving, sending or storinginstructions and/or data implemented in accordance with the foregoingdescription upon a computer readable medium. Generally speaking, acomputer readable medium may include storage media or memory media suchas magnetic or optical media, e.g., disk or CD-ROM, volatile ornon-volatile media such as RAM (e.g. SDRAM, DDR SDRAM, RDRAM, SRAM,etc.), ROM, etc. as well as transmission media or signals such aselectrical, electromagnetic, or digital signals, conveyed via acommunication medium such as network and/or a wireless link.

1. A system, comprising: one or more processors; a memory coupled to theone or more processors, wherein the memory is configured to storeprogram instructions executable by the one or more processors toimplement a framework to induce multi-threading, wherein the frameworkcomprises: a concurrent code generator configured to receive marked codecomprising sequential code having one or more blocks of code marked forconcurrent execution, wherein each marked block of code is marked byincluding a marker method call within the code to suggest the block forpotential concurrent execution, wherein the concurrent code generator isconfigured to generate concurrent code from the marked code, wherein theconcurrent code comprises one or more tasks configured for concurrentexecution in place of the one or more marked blocks of code; and ascheduler configured to schedule one or more of the tasks formulti-threaded execution.
 2. The system as recited in claim 1, whereinone of the blocks of code marked for concurrent execution is a portionof a program method of the sequential code so that the concurrent codegenerator transforms a block of the sequential code that is less than anentire method of the sequential code into a task configured forconcurrent execution.
 3. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein theconcurrent code generator is configured to perform an analysis of themarked code to estimate performance benefits of concurrent execution ofthe marked blocks of code, wherein the concurrent code generator doesnot transform one of the marked blocks into one of the concurrentlyexecutable tasks if the analysis indicates no performance benefit isestimated to result from concurrent execution.
 4. The system as recitedin claim 3, wherein for one or more of the marked blocks not transformedinto one of the concurrently executable tasks due to the analysis, theconcurrent code generator is configured to remove one or more markermethod calls in the concurrent code.
 5. The system as recited in claim3, wherein the concurrent code generator is configured to perform theanalysis based on an estimated execution time of each marked blockcompared to an overhead for scheduling concurrent threads.
 6. The systemas recited in claim 1, wherein the framework further comprises anautomated code marking tool configured to: receive the sequential code;analyze the sequential code to identify potentially concurrentlyexecutable blocks of the sequential code; and insert markers into thesequential code to suggest the identified blocks for concurrentexecution.
 7. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein the marked codecomprises a marker for each block of code marked for concurrentexecution, and wherein the scheduler is configured to schedule one ofthe tasks for multi-threaded execution according to priority informationincluded with the marker for the corresponding marked block.
 8. Thesystem as recited in claim 1, wherein the marked code comprises a markerfor each block of code marked for concurrent execution, and wherein thescheduler is configured to schedule one of the tasks for multi-threadedexecution according to dependency information included with the markerfor the corresponding marked block.
 9. The system as recited in claim 1,wherein the framework further comprises a thread pool manager configuredto manage a thread pool to provide threads for multi-threaded executionof the task of the concurrent code, wherein the scheduler is configuredto request a thread from the thread pool for each task scheduled formulti-threaded execution.
 10. The system as recited in claim 1, whereinthe framework further comprises a tracking tool configured to be calledfor each concurrently executable task, wherein the tracking tool isconfigured to log information to trace or profile execution of thetasks.
 11. A method, comprising: receiving marked code comprisingsequential code having one or more blocks of code marked for concurrentexecution, wherein each marked block of code is marked by including amarker within the code to suggest the block for potential concurrentexecution; generating concurrent code from the marked code, wherein theconcurrent code comprises one or more tasks configured for concurrentexecution in place of the one or more marked blocks of code, and whereinthe concurrent code comprises one or more tasks transformed from a classin the marked code into a derived class; and scheduling one or more ofthe tasks for multi-threaded execution.
 12. The method as recited inclaim 11, wherein one of the blocks of code marked for concurrentexecution is a portion of a program method of the sequential code,wherein said generating comprises transforming a block of the sequentialcode that is less than an entire method of the sequential code into atask configured for concurrent execution.
 13. The method as recited inclaim 11, wherein said generating comprises analyzing the marked code toestimate performance benefits of concurrently executing the markedblocks of code, wherein one of the marked blocks is not transformed intoone of the concurrently executable tasks if said analyzing indicates noperformance benefit is estimated to result from concurrent execution.14. The method as recited in claim 13, wherein for one or more of themarked blocks not transformed into one of the concurrently executabletasks due to the analysis, said generating comprises removing one ormore markers in the concurrent code.
 15. The method as recited in claim13, wherein said analyzing comprises comparing an estimated executiontime of each marked block to an overhead for scheduling concurrentthreads.
 16. The method as recited in claim 11, further comprisingmarking the sequential code to suggest one or more blocks of thesequential code for concurrent execution.
 17. The method as recited inclaim 16, wherein said marking comprises: receiving the sequential code;analyzing the sequential code to identify potential concurrentlyexecutable blocks of the sequential code; and inserting markers into thesequential code to suggest the identified blocks for concurrentexecution.
 18. The method as recited in claim 11, further comprisingmarking one or more blocks of the sequential code with a marker methodcall to suggest blocks for potential concurrent execution.
 19. Themethod as recited in claim 11, wherein the marked code comprises amarker for each block of code marked for concurrent execution, andwherein said scheduling comprises scheduling one of the tasks formulti-threaded execution according to priority information included withthe marker for the corresponding marked block.
 20. The method as recitedin claim 11, wherein the marked code comprises a marker for each blockof code marked for concurrent execution, and wherein said schedulingcomprises scheduling one of the tasks for multi-threaded executionaccording to dependency information included with the marker for thecorresponding marked block.
 21. The method as recited in claim 11,further comprising managing a thread pool to provide threads formulti-threaded execution of the task of the concurrent code, whereinsaid scheduling comprises requesting a thread from the thread pool foreach task scheduled for multi-threaded execution.
 22. The method asrecited in claim 11, further comprising tracking each concurrentlyexecutable task, wherein said tracking comprises logging information totrace or profile execution of the tasks.
 23. A tangible, computeraccessible storage medium comprising program instructions, wherein theprogram instructions are executable to implement: receiving marked codecomprising sequential code having one or more blocks of code marked forconcurrent execution, wherein the marked code comprises a marker foreach block of code marked for concurrent execution; generatingconcurrent code from the marked code, wherein the concurrent codecomprises one or more tasks configured for concurrent execution in placeof the one or more marked blocks of code; and scheduling one or more ofthe tasks for multi-threaded execution according to priority informationincluded with the marker for the corresponding marked block.
 24. Thecomputer accessible medium as recited in claim 23, wherein one of theblocks of code marked for concurrent execution is a portion of a programmethod of the sequential code, wherein said generating comprisestransforming a block of the sequential code that is less than an entiremethod of the sequential code into a task configured for concurrentexecution.
 25. The computer accessible medium as recited in claim 23,wherein said generating comprises analyzing the marked code to estimateperformance benefits of concurrently executing the marked blocks ofcode, wherein one of the marked blocks is not transformed into one ofthe concurrently executable tasks if said analyzing indicates noperformance benefit is estimated to result from concurrent execution.26. The computer accessible medium as recited in claim 25, wherein forone or more of the marked blocks not transformed into one of theconcurrently executable tasks due to the analysis, said generatingcomprises removing markers in the concurrent code.
 27. The computeraccessible medium as recited in claim 25, wherein said analyzingcomprises comparing an estimated execution time of each marked block toan overhead for scheduling concurrent threads.
 28. The computeraccessible medium as recited in claim 23, wherein the programinstructions are further executable to provide an applicationprogramming interface (API) for marking the sequential code to suggestone or more blocks of the sequential code for concurrent execution. 29.The computer accessible medium as recited in claim 28, wherein saidmarking comprises: receiving the sequential code; analyzing thesequential code to identify potential concurrently executable blocks ofthe sequential code; and inserting markers into the sequential code tosuggest the identified blocks for concurrent execution.
 30. The computeraccessible medium as recited in claim 23, wherein the programinstructions are further executable to provide an applicationprogramming interface (API) for marking one or more blocks of thesequential code with a marker method call to suggest blocks forpotential concurrent execution.
 31. The computer accessible medium asrecited in claim 23, wherein the marked code comprises a marker for eachblock of code marked for concurrent execution, and wherein saidscheduling comprises scheduling one of the tasks for multi-threadedexecution according to dependency information included with the markerfor the corresponding marked block.
 32. The computer accessible mediumas recited in claim 23, wherein the program instructions are furtherexecutable to implement managing a thread pool to provide threads formulti-threaded execution of the task of the concurrent code, whereinsaid scheduling comprises requesting a thread from the thread pool foreach task scheduled for multi-threaded execution.
 33. The computeraccessible medium as recited in claim 23, wherein the programinstructions are further executable to implement tracking eachconcurrently executable task, wherein said tracking comprises logginginformation to trace or profile execution of the tasks.